DISCOURSE ANALYSIS according to expert

Written by Eki Qusai Akhwan

The word 'discourse' in Bahasa Indonesia Operations Sales Manager Used as a synonym to 'discourse' in English, although the ADA Also That translates as discourse.

In understanding differences, Discourse Operating Sales manager Means can be (1) an oral communication OR conversation; (2) overall said  is a Unitary / Yang realized a complete language unit hearts bouquet Form the Whole; (3) the ability OR Operating Procedures Systematic Thinking And the ability OR process gives consideration 

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

           1.DISCOURSE
Secara Etimology
Kata Discourse berasal dari bahasa latin "Discursus" yang merujuk pada 
kata convesation
Atau speach .
Crystal (1992:25) mengatakan bahwa discourse is a continuous stretch of
 (especially spoken) langusge larger than a sentence ,often constituting a 
cohirent unit such as sermon argument , joke,or narrative.

           2. DISCOURSE
 Is generally used to designate the forms of resentation ,codes,conventions
 and habbits of language that produce spesific fields of culturally and 
historycally locatied meanings.
        
          3. DISCOURSE
Discourse (from latin discursus,"running to and form ") denotes written and
Spoken comunication.

          4. DISCOURSE
Is an intance of language use whose type can be classified on the basis of 
Duch factors as programatical and lexical choices and thrir distribution.


         1. Discourse Analysis
Is a broad term for the studie of the ways in which language is use in text 
And context.Also called discourse studies.
       
         2. Discourse Analysis
Developed in the 1970s, the filed of Discouse Analysis is concerned  eith "the 
Use of language in a running..

         3. Discourse Analysis
Is general yerm for a number of approaches to Analyse written ,vokal, or sign
Language or any significant srmiotic even.

         4. Discourse Analysis
Is sometimes defined as the analydus of language beyond the sentence.

         5. Discourse Analysis
‘discourse analysis’ is, mapping the discourse analysis terrain by discussing four studies relevant to primary care to illustrate different methodological approaches and key concepts. 

        6. Discourse Analysis
Is Everything related to the phenomenon of language     

        1.  Anlaysis
Is the prpcess of breaking oa compleft topic or subtance into smaller part in
 order  to gain a better understanding of it.

        2. Analysis
Is the examination and evaluation of the relevant infirmation to select the 
best course   of actions from amoung various alternatives.

       3. Analysis
Is the process of evaluating data using analytical and logical reasoming to 
Examine each component of the data provided.

      4. Analysis
Is the process of brealong doun a somethong in to its parts to learn what they

     The conclusion of the matter on to the father within 3 days are

Should we as students critically and able to filter out any information we receive, do not just look at one aspect of the course but we have to know first keaktual's and the real facts

The movie created by RITA M.S about the SEMANTIC

Video animation of semantic by RITA M.S

Idiom rita blogs

IDIOM

by

Rita m.s 

;-)

IDIOM
    

is 1.  a : the language peculiar to a people or to district, community, or class : Dialect

         b : the sintactical grammatical, or structural from peculiar to a language 

    

    2.  : an expression in the usage of a language that is peculiar to it self either grama

           tically ( as no , it wasn't me ) or in having a meaning that cannot be derived from

          the conjoined meanings of its elements (as ride herd on for " supervise").

    

    3 :  a style or torm of artistict expressions that is characteristic of an individual, a pe

           riod or movement, or a medium or instrument  < the modern jazz idiom >: manner 

           style < a new culinary idiom>

    Example of Idiom:

    she is the populist in politics, as she repeatedly makes clear for no very clear reason.

    yet the idiom of the populace is not popular with her.

    

Proverbs by Rita

Proverbs

A proverbs 

is a short statement usually known by many people.

it states something that is common experience or gives advice. 

Here are some examples.

The best things in life are free." 

we don't have to pay for the things that are really valuable, like 

love, friendship and good health.

" A stitch in time saves nine."

Repair something as soon as its dsmaged. That's a small repair 

job . If not you will have a much bloger and more expensive re

pair job letter.

"still waters run deep."

some rivers have rough surfaces with waves. That's usually be

cause the water is shallow and there are rocks near the surface.

"The way to a man's heart is through his stomach ." 

Many women have won a man's love by cookibg delicious meal

s for him. they fed his stomach and found love in his hearth.

Rita homonimy blogspot

Homonymy, Homophony,Homograph

A. Defininition of homonymy The word homonym has been derived from greek term 'Homoios' which means identical and 'onoma' means name. => so homonymy is a relation that holds between two lexemes that have the same from but unrelated meaning s. homonymys are the words that have same phonetic form(homophones) or ortographic form (homograph) but diff erent unrelated meanings. 

 An example of homonym which is both homophone and homograph is the word 'fluke'. Fluke is a fish as wel a s a flatworm. other example are bank, an anchor, an

 B. Homophony is the case where to words are pronounced identically but they have different written forms. They sound a like but a written differently and often have different meanings. 

for example : no-know, led-lead, would-wood. 

C. Homograph is a word which is spelled the same as another word another word and might be pronounced the same of diff erently but which has a different. 

 for example: Bear-bear ; Read-read. When homonyms are spelles the same they are homograph but not all homonims are homographs.

Polisemy

Hyperbole

Hyperbole 
by 
RITA M.S ;-)

Hyperbole 

Hyperbole ,derived from a greek word meaning "over -casting " is a vigure of speech, which

involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.

It is a device that we employ in our day -to - day speech. for intance, when you meet a friend

after a long time , you say" ,  ages have passed since I last saw you " .you may not have met him for three or four hours or a day, but the use of the word "ages " exaggerates this statment to add emphasiss to your wait. Therefore, a hyperbole is an unreal exaggeration to emphasize the real situation . some other common hyperbole examples are given below.

* My grandmother is as old as the hills.

* your switcase weighs a ton!

* she is as heavy as an elephant!

* Im dying of shame

* Im trying to solve a million issues these days.

 It is important not to confuse hyperbole with simile and metaphor.It does make a comparison but unlike simile and metaphor hyperbole has a humorous effect created by an overstatement.


THANK YOU FOR READ ;-)

Metonimy and synecdoche

Metonymy 

&

Synecdoche

By : Rita m.s

 Metonymy

is => often confused with another figure of speech called synecdoche. They resemble 

each other but are not the same . Synecdoche revers to  a thing by the name of one of

one of its parts . 

for example, Calling a car " a wheel " is a synecdoche.

A part of a car i.e."a wheel" stands for the whole car.In a metonymy, on the other hand,

wirds we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is 

not a part of it.

for example, " crown" which means power or authority is a metonymy.

Metonymy is different from a metaphor.

A methapor draws resemblance between two different things as in " you are sunlight 

and I moon " - dun and moon from miss saigon.

Examples of Metonymy in Everyday  life 

* England decides to keep check on imigration. ( England refers to the goverment. )

Metonymy example from literature 

* " friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears."

Mark Anthony uses " ears" to say that he wants the people present there to listen to

him attentivelly . It is metonymy because the word "ears" replaces the concept of att

ention.

Function of metonymy

Generally , metonymy is used in developking literary simbolism i.e. it gives more pro

found meanings to otherwise common ideas and objects.By using metonymy, texts

exhibit deeper or hidden meanings snd thus drawing readers attention.

In addition, the use of metonymy help achieve conciseness.

Collocation

Collocation

by 

Rita m.s

Colocation (Disambiguation)

colocation is a sequence of words or terms that cooccur more often than

 would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of

phraseme.

An example  of a phraseologycal collocation, as pripounded by michael 

holliday, is the expression strong tea.

While the same meaning ciuld be comvyed by the roughly equivalent

*Powerful tea, this expression is considered in correct by english speakers.

Conversely, the responding expressions for computer, powerful computers 

is preferred over *strong computers. Phraseplogical collocation shouls not

be confused with idioms, where meaning is derived, whereas collocations 

are mostly compositional.

There are about six main types of collocations : adjective + noun, noun + 

noun (such as collectives noun ), verb + noun , adverb + adjective, verbs+

 prepositional phrase ( phrasal verbs), and verb + adverb.

Collocation extraction is a taskvthat exyracts collocatoons automatically

from a corpus , using computational linguistics.

:)

Synonym , Antonim and hyponym :-)

Synonym, antonym and hyponim

by

RITA M.S

Synonym

synonim is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or 

phrase in same lenguage.

Antonym

antonym is a word that has the opposite mreaning or could be called the opposite.

Example of antonyms:

Hard x soft 

x  living dead

x  original fake

on  x  down 

Right x left

Hyponimy

hiponimy is a word that has meaning hirrarkies or a memverv of a more general

words, or can be called with eords that represrsented its meanging by the more general

words.

example : 

General said : olahraga himponinya : Basket, voliGymnastics.

General said : vehicles, hiponym nya  : motor cycles car.

SIMILE

by

RITA M.S

SIMILE (Semantic Interoperability of Metadata and Information in unLike Environments)
A simile is a figure of speech consisting of a comparison using like or as.
well coosen like smile can be used to enliven writing or as an alternative to
describtion using adjective

EX :

He was as brave as a lion in a fight
He swam like a fish through rough waters.

METAPHOR

Metaphor in semsntic 

By : RITA  M.S

METAPHOR

Partly due to the terminological inconsistencies obscuring both tradicional and contemporary acconts, the process governing figurative mappings have to somebextent re

mainded arcane. Some scholars opt for a broad definition of metaphor including metonimy

as a generick term for all figures of speech (Eco 1984 : 87 -91). as a result, a satisfactory elucidation of cri

terial featurwd is fraughtbwuth dilother hand, the most the most mundane expression are s

ometimes open classification: To tease apart the differences between metaphor and meto

nimy has proved an intractable undertaking. Provided the justification of recent theories of of metaphor as ( typicalliy ? ) based on metonimy, it may indeed be iimpossible to neatly dis

entangle the two notions.

                    A possible escape hatch might be to view metaphor as a prototipe concept . con

sequently, the terminology  which informs this project is relativelynarrow but will neverthell

es tonimy. The label "   will be reserved for transfer accors distonct semantic domine(criyer

ion  1,which is putatively based on sintances of semantic.

It is hes 8

Di cerita ku : Kasih seorang Ibu

                      My summary about Denotation, connotation, and Implycation in Semantic

Denotation
Is the dictionary meaning of a word.
Conotation
Is the emotional overtones or nuances that the word is understood to have, but which
don't  necessarily show up in the dictionary.
Implication
The fack or state of being plicated in something.

So for example, the words "youngster" and "Child" both have the same denotation.
However, they  have slightly different conotations. "youngster" seems more of a playful, light - hearted word while " child" is morevneutral.

Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the " dictionary definition.

For exple , if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover  that one of
its denotative meanings is " any of numerous scaly, leggless, sometimes venomous
reptiles having a long , tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and
temperate regions."

Connotation 
on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or
the emmotional suggestions related to that word.

 Since the above answer are good , I will add a new angle with examples. more impo
rtantly, I will offer some insught, hopefully, of how to use these concepts in unterpreting
passages .
A common misunderstanding in ibterpreting a passage is to look dor meaning in individ
ual words.

Linguistic call  thia aspect of words., Polysemy. The poin is that meanings can change,
even redically, based onvthe context.
therefore responsible interpretation willvrecognizecthat the meaning of words is almost
entirely contextual.

also it will be important to relize that words can connote very different notion with a change
in time and place.
for example slavery has a very different connotation in paul's they than in North America.

my Summary about the euphemism of semantic

A euphemism is a polite expression used in place of words or 
phrases that otherwise might be considered harsh or unpleasant
 to hear.
Euphemisms are used regularly , and there are many examples 
in every day language.

Types of Euphemism

To soften an expression
some euphemisms are used in order to make a blunt or unpleasant
truth seem less harsh.

Example of euphemisms that fall into this category include :
~ passed a way instead of died
~ correctional facility instead of jail
~ The parted instead of died
~ Differently - abled instead of handiccaped or dissabled
~ feel of the back  of s truck instead of engage inpositution

Example  include :
# batting for the other side instead of homosexual
# bit the big one instead of died 
# cemen shoes instead of dead
# croaked instead of vomited 
# hide the sausage instead og sex

Finding more examples
These are just some of the many euphamisms that you
may encounter every day. the next time you or some one 
you ere speaking with says something that has a diffetent 
meaning than the literal words do.
consider whether the statment is a euphemism for some 
other less- polite, less- pleasing word or phrase.

Symbol and reference by Rita

My Summary about Symbol and reference in Semantic

this paper is a summary of my views on imaginative symbols in the aspects of their semantic structure and conceptual transpositions them as was defined in one of ny earlic works, sbol is a multi - notions conventional sign that represents, apart froms its inherent and immadiate design nature.

         the former by alogicalvlink (she lestiuk 1997:125). in semantic terms, in symbols we deal with a hierachy of meanings, where the direct meaning. contituters the first layer of sense and serves as a basis forvthe indirect (secondary) meaning-the second layer of sense and serves ar a basis for the indirec under the same clesing nator ( a nane avisualvimage , a signivicant object oe person. etc ) in an earliver work, discussed the indispenseble character of symbols, which are, in fact, the complex structure of a symbol. and the equally inportant status of meanings in it. ( seles tiuk1997) order inportant uf not inpensable , fe  atures of symbol are : imaginativenessc, motivations, immonent, polysemi archetion nature integration into the structures. I will not dwell here of chacof these features.

     but I willbregard some of them as I out line the esentials of the theory of symbols.
tgere may be more than one secondary voncept assosiaced with the immadiate the signatum in symbol.
I rever to this feature as immonent polysemi (selastiul 1997) philip were wright 1968:220 seems to symbols.
immonent polysemy of a symbols  means its implications! a cluster of conceptually disparate meanings related to a symbols( forexample fire- hearth and home.

ritamsnasution.blogspot.com

Hiii guise.... nama saya Rita m.s
smoga anda senang mengenal saya :)
saya jga senang mengenal anda dan berbagi cerita dan
berbagai informasi dengan anda.... well perkenalkan saya dari Universitas lancang kuning
Pekanbaru :)...
saya berasal dari ranah minang yaitu sumatera barat.
and...saya berumur 21 tahun....dan mempunyai 6 saudara yg manis dan tampan
menurut saya hehehe...